Ethics 👁️‍🗨️

# Ethics <br> 👁️‍🗨️
### S. Mason Garrison

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layout: true
  
<div class="my-footer">
<span>
<a href="https://DataScience4Psych.github.io/DataScience4Psych/" target="_blank">Data Science for Psychologists</a>
</span>
</div>

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# Misrepresentation

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# Causality

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.inversegray[
<img src="img/exercise-cancer-time.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

.footnote[
.midi[
Alice Park. [Exercise Can Lower Risk of Some Cancers By 20%](https://time.com/4330041/reduce-cancer-risk-exercise/). Time Magazine. 16 May 2016.
]
]
]
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.inversegray[
<img src="img/exercise-cancer-latimes.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

.footnote[
.midi[
Melissa Healy. [Exercising drives down risk for 13 cancers, research shows
](https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-exercising-cancer-20160516-story.html).  
Los Angeles Times.  16 May 2016.
]
]
]
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## Original study
<br>
Moore, Steven C., et al. **["Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults."](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2521826)** JAMA internal medicine 176.6 (2016): 816-825.

- **Volunteers** were **asked** about their physical activity level over the preceding year. 
- Half exercised less than about 150 minutes per week, half exercised more. 
- Compared to the bottom 10% of exercisers, the top 10% had lower rates of esophageal, liver, lung, endometrial, colon, and breast cancer.
- Researchers found no association between exercising and 13 other cancers (e.g. pancreatic, ovarian, and brain).

.footnote[
.midi[
Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West. [Calling Bullshit: The art of skepticism in a data-driven world](https://www.callingbullshit.org/).  
Random House, 2020.  
Sharon Begley. ["Does exercise prevent cancer?"](https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/16/exercise-prevent-cancer/). StatNews. 16 May 2016. 
]
]

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# Axes and scale

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.question[
What is the difference between these two pictures? Which presents a better way to represent these data?
]
<br>
<img src="img/axis-start-at-0.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

.footnote[
.midi[
Christopher Ingraham. ["You’ve been reading charts wrong. Here’s how a pro does it."](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/14/youve-been-reading-charts-wrong-heres-how-pro-does-it/).  
The Washington Post. 14 October 2019.
]
]

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<br>
.pull-left-wide[
<img src="d18_ethics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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<br><br>
.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="img/cost_of_gas.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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## Graph detective

.center[
<iframe width="900" height="450" src="https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/" frameborder="0"></iframe>  
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Lucy D'Agostino McGowan. [Graph detective](https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/). Live Free or Dichotomize. 17 May 2020.
]
]

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# Wrapping Up...

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# Maps and areas

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.question[
Do you recognize this map? What does it show?
]
<br>
<img src="img/election-2016-county.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

.footnote[
.midi[
Lazaro Gamio. ["Election maps are telling you big lies about small things"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/how-election-maps-lie/).  
The Washington Post. 1 Nov 2016.
]
]

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/citizens-for-trump.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
--
.pull-right[
<img src="img/counties-for-trump.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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# Visualizing uncertainty

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On December 19, 2014, the front page of Spanish national newspaper El País read *"Catalan public opinion swings toward 'no' for independence, says survey"*.

.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [The truthful art: Data, charts, and maps for communication](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/the-truthful-art-book.html). New Riders, 2016.
]
]

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.pull-left-wide[
<img src="d18_ethics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="d18_ethics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. ["Uncertainty and Graphicacy: How Should Statisticians Journalists and Designers Reveal Uncertainty in Graphics for Public Consumption?"](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/powerfromstatistics/OR/PfS-OutlookReport-Cairo.pdf), Power from Statistics: Data Information and Knowledge, 2017.
]
]

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# Further reading

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/cairo-how-charts-lie.jpg" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
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.pull-right[
[How Charts Lie](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/reviews.html)  
Getting Smarter about Visual Information

by Alberto Cairo
]

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/calling-bullshit.png" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
]
.pull-right[
[Calling Bullshit](https://www.callingbullshit.org/)  
The Art of Skepticism in a  
Data-Driven World

by Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West
]

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# Wrapping Up...

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# Privacy Case Studies

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# Case study: 
# AOL search data leak

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.footnote[
.midi[
Michael Barbaro and Tom Zeller Jr. [A Face Is Exposed for AOL Searcher No. 4417749](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/09/technology/09aol.html).  
New York Times. 9 August 2006.
]
]

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class: middle

# Case study: 
# OK Cupid

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## OK Cupid data breach

- In 2016, researchers published data of 70,000 OkCupid users—including usernames, political leanings, drug usage, and intimate sexual details

- Researchers didn't release the real names and pictures of OKCupid users, but their identities could easily be uncovered from the details provided, e.g. usernames

.pull-left-wide[
>Some may object to the ethics of gathering and releasing this data. However, all the data found in the dataset are or were already publicly available, so releasing this dataset merely presents it in a more useful form. 
>
>Researchers Emil Kirkegaard and Julius Daugbjerg Bjerrekær
]

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.question[
In analysis of data that individuals willingly shared publicly on a given platform (e.g. social media), how do you make sure you don't violate reasonable expectations of privacy?
]

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# Case study: 
# Facebook & Cambridge Analytica

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.footnote[
.midi[
Carole Cadwalladr and Emma Graham-Harrison. [How Cambridge Analytica turned Facebook ‘likes’ into a lucrative political tool](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/17/facebook-cambridge-analytica-kogan-data-algorithm). The Guardian. 17 March 2018.
]
]

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# Sources

- Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel's Data Science in a Box ([link](https://datasciencebox.org/))